4. Cardiovascular Health
Zinc is believed to be a counter for artherogenic [105] agent and, in particular, believe that zinc deficiency to be a risk factor for artherogenesis with supplements to mitigate these risks. It is known [106] dietary intake of zinc to be inversely associated with the accumulation in the arteries artherosclerotic. [107]
In healthy elderly (more prone to zinc deficiency), supplementation of 45 mg of zinc (as gluconate) daily for six months and is associated with reductions in cell adhesion factors (ICAM-1 and VCAM -1) and inflammatory cytokines including C- protein Interactive, IL-6 and MCP-1. [108]
The unification of zinc deficiency seems assoiated with a reduced risk of plaque buildup in the arteries (atherosclerosis)
4.2. Lipoproteins and triglycerides
And it has been associated with supplementation of 20 mg of zinc in the insulin-resistant obese children for eight weeks with a reduction in total cholesterol and LDL-C. [109]
The oxidation of LDL-C seems to be reduced when children are given insulin resistance 20 mg of elemental zinc for eight weeks, and perhaps secondary to the reduction of insulin resistance state. [109]
5. interactions glucose metabolism
5.1. Glycogen
It has been observed that 20 or zinc, in liver cells in the laboratory, and the increased activity of glycogen synthase 2 times secondary to discourage them from GSK-3β (IC50 15 .mu.m). [93]
Because inhibition of GSK-3β and zinc may enhance the activity of glycogen synthesis
Zinc has been reported to work through insulin receptors [110] and phosphorylated AKT in the laboratory, which is downstream of the insulin receptor. [30] inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase -3 β (GSK-3) produced with zinc [93] is able to keep insulin signals, GSK3 negative regulator of insulin signaling through IRS-1. Can [111] and zinc increased glucose uptake in cells expressing GLUT4 sensitivity to insulin, but not other transport glut. [93]
Zinc can positively affect insulin signaling by inhibiting the negative regulator (GSK3) to suppress the insulin signal. This seems to be happening in low enough concentrations that are relevant physiologically
5.3. Diabetes
In patients with diabetes (show the following information applies to both the first and second types of diabetes), and increased urinary excretion of zinc rates [25] [26] [27] Although the affected zinc concentration in the blood serum is reliable (increase, [25] [28] declined [29] [30] [31] or not differ from non-diabetics [32] controls) cellular concentrations of zinc, as specified in immune cells (single cell nucleus, granulocytes, lymphocytes and leukocytes) tend to be reduced compared with non-diabetic controls. [29] [33] [30]
Beyond the measurement of concentrations of zinc itself (as markers serum and is believed to be reliable excessively to shortcomings subclinical there [112]), biomarker sensitive to zinc deficiency (Ecto Nukluotadaz 5 "[113]) also is known to decrease in patients diabetes compared to the control. [114]
Three weeks of supplementation with 30 mg of zinc (chelation glycine) seems to be enough to at least partially restore zinc deficiency in patients with diabetes. [114]
Although measurements can be relied upon to some extent from the plasma, it is more likely than not that the people who suffer from diabetes (both type I and type II) have an increased zinc deficiency risk, which can be quickly treated to some extent with zinc supplements
In insulin obese children and provided resistance (who were probably from a lack of zinc) 20 mg of zinc supplementation component for a period of eight weeks it is associated with the promotion of all vital signs in glucose metabolism including sugar in the blood (decrease of 7%), and fasting insulin ( reduction of 23%), and insulin sensitivity as assessed by HOMA-IR (improved 31%) [109] have been reported anywhere else in the replication. [115]
In diabetic patients confirmed that it has sufficient reserves of zinc, zinc in addition to the high-dose (240 mg of elemental zinc as gluconate) for three months can not be any tangible benefit. [116]
In diabetics or people with resistant zinc deficiency can help in the normalization of the parameters in the metabolism of glucose, including glucose and insulin and insulin sensitivity insulin. If not the same people had already sufficient in zinc supplements, but had no additional benefit
6.1. Tumor necrosis factor
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine that is reduced from zinc deficiency states (restoration to replace the zinc [117]).
Ex Vivo macrophages produce TNF in the elderly that Annex 45 mg of elemental zinc for a year and seems to be low. [118]
6.2. Motivational
It is known IL-2 to reduce suffering from zinc deficiency [117] and restore it to be replaced. [117]
Ex vivo production of IL-2 (evaluation by stimulating IL-2 mRNA stimulate immune cells) increases with zinc supplements to 45 mg for a period of one year, in spite of the basal levels of IL will not be affected 2. [118]
63. T- cells
It is well known that zinc deficiency leads to the low number of T cells and humoral depression in later and cellular immunity. [119]
6.4. Rhinovirus and URTIs
It is well known, such as rhinovirus colds, and URTI stands for "superior tract infection respitatory»
He noted meta-analysis of 15 trials with 1360 people in the zinc in the form of tablets (gluconate) or drink (sulfate), was associated with a shorter duration and severity of the common cold when taken within 24 hours to appear a week later, it was her odds 0.45 ratio (less than half the risk). [120]
High doses of zinc in response to the common cold (did not take preventive measures, but only at the beginning of the disease) appear to be effective in reducing the duration and severity of the disease
And it is associated with zinc supplements 45 mg in the elderly (with zinc concentration in the blood serum lower compared with young controls) for a period of one year with low upper respiratory tract infections rate (50% reduction can not be large) and general infections (88% reduced to 29% occurrence). [118]
And it is associated with zinc supplements for long periods more than five months with a low rate of disease (RR 0.64), despite the extreme contrast. [120]
Daily supplements of zinc as preventive shown to reduce the rate of colds
Sixty-five. Pneumonia
In children with severe pneumonia, 10-20 mg of zinc (as acetate syrup), more than two weeks they have failed to win over placebo in reducing the duration of the disease. [121]
Studies in which zinc is used alone (single) in response to the pneumonia, which is usually what seems to fail to beat placebo
The zinc supplementation in 20 mg adjunctive therapy (along with antibiotics effective) to further reduce recovery time in children less than two years old with pneumonia very sharp, but because it has no effect on severe pneumonia and is lost in favor of a serious When controlled by very underweight children, the researchers concluded without significant overall treatment effect. [122] Other studies using the same dose of the difference between acute and non-acute pneumonia, and consider the zinc treatment failure in a direct relationship with placebo [123] [124] [125] or that the beneficial effects were negligible (statistically and clinically). [126] Although most of the evidence points to the lack of effectiveness, and there is some evidence to counter with the same protocol noted effective in reducing the duration of illness from acute pneumonia [127] and one study noted miserably zinc supplementation with lower mortality report by pneumonia sharp (more than protecting the children who are suffering from HIV). [125]
When zinc is used as an adjuvant (along with other drugs, with the second group received the drug in isolation), still it seems to be ineffective for the most part against pneumonia
The use of zinc as a preventive for two weeks (10-20 mg of zinc element) can not affect the appearance of pneumonia in children measured during the next six months. [128]
Limited evidence of the use of zinc as a preventive treatment for pneumonia to find a protective effect failed
Diagnosis of HIV adults appear to be at increased relative risk for zinc deficiency in up to 50% [129] [130] [131] and those who are poor seem to get more rapid development of the disease [132] [133] and mortality [134 ] food surplus of zinc also appears to be associated with negative effects in this group, specifically the high rate of disease progression to AIDS. [135]
In adults with HIV with low plasma zinc concentrations confirmed (0.75μg / ml or less) because of 12-15mg per day of elemental zinc for 18 months, with zinc supplementation is associated with a lower risk four times compared to the failure of the immune system with medication placebo, without affecting viral load [136] and other opportunistic infections was associated with significantly less regardless of whether or not the subjects were on anti-retroviral therapy. [137]
In children infected with HIV are also facing severe pneumonia, zinc supplementation appears to be effective in reducing mortality (7 deaths in control and not noted with 20 mg of zinc per day for seven days). [125]
Zinc appears to be most vulnerable to a shortage of people who suffer from HIV, and can be seen while low doses higher doses of protection that exceed the maximum allowable (TUL) also be negative. It is recommended that zinc supplementation low ball 10-15 mg of zinc
List of Essential Vitamin or Mineral Supplements on National Health Advisor
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