6. Cardiovascular Health 6.1. The risk of disease Those with insufficient vitamin D

6. Cardiovascular Health


GENIUX - *Read Warnings* Shocking Cognitive Enhancer Those with insufficient vitamin D levels are more likely to develop heart disease than those who do not significantly. [151]

He concluded One systematic review at least 1000IU of vitamin D per day can reduce the risk of heart disease and blood vessels on the basis of biomarkers of systemic, [152]

In healthy women after the age of despair given 400 IU of vitamin D 1000IU or during the period of 1 year, did not notice any great benefit that the risk of heart disease and blood vessels. [153]


6.2. blood pressure

And vitamin D are required with respect to the first blood pressure when it was observed that UV was able to reduce blood pressure in the general population. [154] [155] Studies susbequent using VDR- mice knockout receptors (mice that lack the vitamin D receptor, to see what happens in a form in any activity of vitamin D receptor) mice appear to show high blood pressure [156] possible secondary to increase angiotensin serum, and tissue renin androstenedione. [157]

Vitamin D seems to suppress the renin through the activation of vitamin D inducers receptors renin production tend to work through the camp in the meadows renin in the heart has many items sensitive camp response, [158] and found that vitamin D may directly suppress renin gene expression through vitamin D response element, which is present in the renin gene. [157]

Vitamin D seems to be a negative regulator of the expression of renin, and reduces the activity of the renin-angiotensin device (RAS). And a lack of vitamin D reduces the activity of suppression and increases the RAS system, which increases the blood pressure in later.
The analysis showed on the subject of vitamin D and blood pressure [159] A ten research experiences of people with high blood pressure found that there was a decrease in systolic blood pressure that is not statistically significant (95% - from 8.0 to 0.7) with a small decline, but statistically significant, in diastolic blood pressure (95% CI -5.5 to -0.6) and indicated that vitamin D does not exercise any blood pressure to reduce the effects in people but blood pressure. [159]

A study using 1mcg active vitamin D hormone that 4 months of treatment were able to lower diastolic blood pressure in people with high blood pressure, but only in those with low renin hypertension. [160]

It has been observed 800IU of vitamin D3 (1200 mg of calcium) for the 9.3% drop in systolic blood pressure in elderly women for a period of 8 weeks, which was more than the active control (1,200mg of calcium isolation). [161]

Accelerin-Read Shocking Nootropic Facts Drop in blood pressure associated with vitamin D supplementation in humans and appears to be weak in size, and probably depends on the change in the metabolism (which would cause high blood pressure), but it seems a little less blood pressure in some people with high blood pressure.
Tabs is the effect of the pressure probably is not strong and can not be reliable enough to be considered a single to lower blood pressure, but can be a good supplement to other drugs.

63. Heart tissue

In mice that lack the vitamin D receptor (VDR - / - mice), seem to have cardiac hypertrophy (up to 22% higher than the control mice) as a side effect [162], which is due to an increase in angiotensin stated II (AGE II ) in VDR - / - mice [157] [163] and is known to induce cardiac hypertrophy [164] [165] treatment with captopril, an ACE inhibitor, which prevents the production of AGE II, reduced cardiac hypertrophy in. Vitamin D mice that are deficient. [162]

It seems that mice that lack the receptor for vitamin D to expand the heart due to increased serum angiotensin II and increasing the activity system RAS.


And the case of vitamin D is associated with hardening of the arteries and the weakness of the blood vessels in healthy humans. [166]

Vitamin D levels have been associated with the widening flow-mediated brachial in type 2 diabetics, and this shows that play an important role in heart function, especially in people who suffer from medical conditions. [167]

A State of vitamin D in part helps explain the difference in risk of peripheral arterial disease in the population darker (which is more likely to be deficient in vitamin D). [168]

Completion of 3320IU / d of vitamin D improve various health indicators of cardiovascular health during weight loss helped [169]


Sixty-five. Arteriosclerosis

It has been observed that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (oxidative stress in a particular organelle inside the cell) is pivotall for the production of foam cells [170] through the secondary damage to macrophage cholesterol accumulation. It seems [171] [172] macrophages isolated vitamin D mice deficient characterized by high levels of tension ER [156] and this normalization agents stress is known to reduce stress ER normalization show increased production of foam cells in the vitamin D mice that are deficient. [156] This suggests that vitamin D works to reduce atherosclerosis ER reduction of oxidative stress in macrophages and subsequently prevent the formation of foam cells. [156]

And these effects are mediated through the vitamin D receptor, [173] and can be related to a change in phenotype of macrophages M2 to M1, which seems to be less artherogenic. [174] macrophages M2 (caused by IL-4 and IL-10 or immune complex) are known to be anti-inflammatory, but have a greater potential to accumulate fat and become foam cells artherogenic [175] [176], while the M1 cells induced IFN- γ tend to be immune cells and recruits pro-inflammatory but expresses receptors that facilitate connective egression of plaque and anti artherogenic. [177] [178] [156]

Vitamin D seems to move to suppress artherogenesis by reducing oxidation in macrophages (immune cells) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER stress causes the accumulation of fat and cholesterol, which have become macrophages and foam cells and then '', which then contribute to the panel. Vitamin D eased this process.


7. interactions with glucose metabolism

7.1. Insulin sensitivity

And vitamin D levels are associated inversely with insulin resistance in adults without diabetes [179]

Vitamin D levels were associated inversely with insulin levels in the blood serum of adolescents in the United States. People were with the level of serum 75nmol / L or more lower by about 24% on average of insulin who have vitamin D levels lower levels. [180]

Vitamin D levels are associated inversely with insulin resistance in children obese and non-obese. [181]

And vitamin D levels are associated with insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic adults even. [179]

During the test of tolerance to glucose, and topics that were considered to have adequate levels of vitamin D (50 nmol / L or less) were more likely to be insulin resistant and have a defect in the beta of those higher levels of vitamin D. Serum cells [182]

It was found vitamin D supplements to improve insulin sensitivity in people who have a deficiency in vitamin D, and improved tolerance glucose tolerance test. [183]


7.2. Diabetes

Low vitamin D levels in the blood increase the risk of developing diabetes. [184]

Higher levels of vitamin D prevent the emergence of type 2 diabetes disease [185]

Linked low levels of vitamin D with complications of type 1 diabetes [186]

Vitamin D supplementation improves the outcome of type 2 diabetes disease [187]

• !!!FREE TRIAL!!! HT RUSH

8.1. Associations

We've been hypothesized that vitamin D is a contributing factor possible failure of obesity, [188] on the basis of the assumption that the vitamin acts D in the blood and a sensor to sunlight stimulates the seasonal decrease energy consumption; this energy is then increased body mass and decrease body surface area in relation to the granting of thermal feature in cold conditions and according to the law Bergman. [189] [190] This study aimed to summarize the development with a potential mechanism for activation of AgRP / NPY neural circuits theory while suppressing POMC / basket of energy consumption circuits (although it did not provide evidence) with one comment in support of this hypothesis. [191]

Moreover, it was found that vitamin D levels lower in obese subjects compared with similar demographic controls [192] [193] [194] including pregnant mothers [195] there is an increase in thyroid hormone in the blood, and vitamin D to delete usually. [196] for each increase of 1 kg / M2 at IMC seems that serum vitamin D (and is associated with an increase of 10% with less than 4.2% of vitamin D) by 1.15% and fell. [197]

There is a theory indicate the status of vitamin D deficiency contributes to the prevalence of obesity, but logic is somewhat tense, and rely on excessive consumption of calories. Partnership has been observed between the state of the lowest vitamin D and obesity in many experiments.

8.2. Speeches

Rose a study conducted on mice with 10 IU of vitamin D3 per kilogram of feed (relative to the control 1iu / kg) and vitamin D in the blood of about 175 to 425pg / ml pointed out that the increase in independent fat mass to achieve the overall gains weight is associated with increased expression of PPAR? (122% increase), and secretion of TNF-α (208% increase) and suppression of UCP2. [198]

In humans, the supplements of vitamin D3 4000IU daily with endurance training and a drink after training (the same in both groups) a tendency to increase the accumulation of fat mass during the period of the experiment, but this did not reach significance. [199] Elsewhere, the trial in the weight / obesity increase due 1000 IU of vitamin D a day for 12 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in fat mass (2.7 +/- 2.1 kg lost with vitamin D, 0.47 +/- 2.7 kg lost placebo) independent of changes in body weight. [200]

There is also no significant effect on fat mass in general or of possible pro-obesogenic associated with supplementation of vitamin D in high doses influence. The amount of literature to investigate this is certainly small.