It was believed that vitamin D receptor's (black box) which is expressed in mediating genomic nuclear membrane procedures instead appears to be membrane cytoplasmic receptors may mediate action is genomic [201], such as the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) [202] that what apparently linked to protein G [203] and phospholipase D through G of the same protein, [203] [204] A2 and protein kinase. [205] However, it seems that these previous trials are normally used (not specifically) (chick 9A7 monoclonal antibodies and rabbit polyclonal receptor C-20, which reveal everything behind the black box [206] [207]) to find the immune receptors and trial using more modern immune VDR minutes failed to find any evidence to express this in the future skeletal muscle. [208] Previous studies using autoradiography confirmed the existence of the black box in the intestinal intestinal, osteoblasts, the cells of the thyroid, and failed in the renal tubules remote [209] also to detect the black box in skeletal muscle. [210] [211]
Thus, the receiver detects in the proceedings "confirm" Previous studies [203] [204] [205] search may be false positive another receiver.
There may not be any vitamin D receptors can be detected in the muscle tissue and skeleton, although a number of studies that indicate that. These objects speak inprecise research caused by immunological techniques.
Nuclear membrane and actions of vitamin D appear to be critical to the work of the muscle cells, as healthy mice lacking these receptors (VDR knockout mice) pay double swimming ability and stimulate postural problems that indicate poor performance muscle (although these results also means the nervous system Central neurological health) [212] [213] and muscle Qatar 20% smaller. [214]
In spite of the lack of vitamin D receptor expression directly on skeletal muscle cells, it seems that there are constraints and physical function and reducing inflation skeletal muscle associated with the VDR knockout mice.
9.2. Shortage
And vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased level of fat in muscle tissue structure, according to the evaluation of this study in healthy young women. [215]
In young women, normalization of vitamin D deficiency does not appear that the benefits granted by the strength of the grip or clutch. [216]
9.3. Performance
Vitamin D supplements to correct deficiency can improve athletic performance in athletes. There may be a need for the level of vitamin D in the serum of 50 ng / ml (125nmol / L) to do so. [217]
/ Noticed interference adults are overweight and obese sedentary 4000IU of vitamin D per day given in conjunction with resistance training program that vitamin D and assocaited with increased power output, while the placebo was not. [199]
9.4. Injury and illness
Assuming an optimal level of 75nmol / L, study in NFL players observed that up to 64% of the athletes they have a lack of vitamin D levels, [218] with a correlation between the players due to injury lower levels of vitamin D. [219]
Vitamin D deficiency seems to be associated with an increased risk of illness and injury among athletes, [220] particularly with regard to stress fractures. [221]
10.1. Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts able to express themselves and convert CYP27B1 disabled vitamin D (25 hydroxycalciferol) steroid actors (1.25-binary Hdroxa). [222]
Is the expression of vitamin D receptors in osteoblasts [223] that are involved in controlling the spread of nuclear weapons. [224] In particular, it is known exposure to bone building vitamin D to suppress the spread of bone associated with increased expression of osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein-1, and RANKL. [225]
Vitamin D works on his future does not promote bone mineralization. [226]
10.2. Fractures
In relatively healthy young people (18-44 years), and serum levels of vitamin D is inversely associated with the risk of fracture (military recruits of both sexes) nothing to do with BMI or smoke. [227] [221] looking serum levels of intake, and there are fewer risks associated with increasing the concentration of vitamin D in a range of 20-50ng / ml [221] until it reaches the end odds ratio 0.51 (the average risk at any given time).
A review of the literature on calcium and vitamin D effects in young people [228] Note that only a prospective study to assess vitamin D, and in this study 800IU D and calcium 2000 mg of vitamin recruits completed Navy women for eight weeks, resulting in a reduction of fractures by 21 % compared with placebo. [229]
In the study of fractures in young people, vitamin D is associated with a lower risk of fractures. It seems that vitamin D interventions to protect people more fractures.
Trials have observed in the elderly indivudals measuring fractions rates decline in the rate of people who suffer from Parkinson's disease with hormone injection active vitamin D (eight fractures reduction of more than 18 months to one), [1]
A few groups of drug studies have evaluated with 1000 IU of vitamin D2, and while the study drugs tend to notice the effects of benficial the risk of breakage and placebo groups (placebo pairing with 1000 IU of vitamin D2) has pointed out flaws. [230] [231] [232] These studies not necessarily placebo given twice to assess the effectiveness of the 1000 IU vitamin D2 against anything.
10.3. Located in the elderly
Dietary supplements of vitamin D, in the cohorts of the elderly, has been observed to reduce the risk of falling by more than 20% compared to placebo in a meta-analysis and at least one on this subject, [233] suggested that the dose oral 700-800IU effective, although the response [234] Note that this dose did not prove optimal. Another meta-analysis indicated that this reduction in the risk of falling is true for people with low serum levels of vitamin D, but if people are included with the regular dose of vitamin D in the blood serum and the protective effect does not appear to be significant. [235]
It seems supplements of vitamin D to reduce the risk of falls in the elderly, but can work only in people who suffer from vitamin D levels less than the basis of serum.
It seems that serum vitamin D levels to predict sensitivity to heat joint pain, although not related to personal measures of pain in the joints. [236]
Does not seem serum vitamin D to link with the presence of symptoms suffer osteoarthritic or severity of symptoms.
In people who suffer from arthritis in the knee, supplements of vitamin D3 per day in 2,000IU (increase the permissible dose to make plasma levels above 36ng / ml) failed to reduce the size of the cartilage loss and pain symptoms of osteoarthritis (assessed by the use of anti-drugs -inflammatory and WOMAC) compared to placebo. [237]
Vitamin D supplementation does not appear to significantly reduce the joint pain associated with osteoarthritis.
11. inflammation and immune
11.1. Macrophages
Vitamin D concentrations higher than 30 ng / mL seems to be associated with the retina less stress on the Batinah monocytes, leading to tension pro-oxidant events that stimulate monocyte adhesion to the walls of the arteries. [238]
12. interaction with hormones
12.1. Thyroid hormone
And linked to thyroid hormone levels in the blood inversely with vitamin D to vitamin D levels up to 75-100 nmol / l, no less than the serum levels of 75 nmol / L can indicate a lack of vitamin D. levels [239]
12.2. Testosterone
In a cross-sectional study to assess the relationship between androgen and vitamin D, it was observed (n = 2299) of vitamin D is associated with a positive state of androgen (higher and lower testosterone SHBG), even after BMI, has been monitoring smoking, alcohol, beta blockers and diabetes. [240] In addition, a significant correlation between the state of androgen and the time of year and found, when sun exposure is associated with a higher state of vitamin D, with the presence of peaks (March-August), which range from 16-18% of the testosterone levels, but this does not It extends to SHBG. [240] Supplements Moreover, in the investigation of serum testosterone levels and their relationship falls in the elderly, people who eat vitamin D / calcium added to testosterone less risk. [241]
In a study of non-diabetic patients (n = 165), where the group of men a certain subset (n = 54), supplementation of vitamin D 3332IU of analyzed per day for a year and I was able to normalize serum vitamin D (rise above 50 nmol / L) observed improvement in testosterone (25.2%), and testing of bioactive (+19%), free test (20.2%) in men who were at the low end of its natural testosterone above; there was no change in the placebo during this period. [242]
Serum vitamin D seems to be positively associated with androgen in general, with adequate levels of vitamin D work for the normalization of testosterone. There is currently no evidence to suggest supraphysiological of vitamin D levels in the promotion and consolidation of testosterone.
12.3. Estrogen
Vitamin D seems to regulate estrogen secondary to the aromatase enzyme (conversion of androgen to estrogen) Delete where vitamin D receptor in mice reduces the activity of hormones. Calcium supplements relieves this repression, suggesting that vitamin D regulates the activity of hormones by calcium metabolism. Note [90] and the study of this receptor mice that are deficient in the low estrogen levels in the blood. [90]
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in mice that lack the receptor for vitamin D, and this seems to be independent of calcium metabolism is increased. [90]
12.5. Hormone
Vitamin D seems to share with the hormone (LH), and mice that lack the vitamin D receptor (cancel the effects of vitamin D) and seem to have high levels of LH. This is not helped with calcium supplements, suggesting that independent of calcium metabolism of these effects. [90]
13. interact with the metabolism of cancer
13.1. breast cancer
Looking observational studies, vitamin D in the blood serum appear to be inversely linked with risk of breast cancer (associated with elevated serum levels with lower risk) [243] [244]. In addition, vitamin D deficiency seems to be more common in people who suffer from breast cancer (diagnosis) [245] [246] and is linked to a similar manner with the severity of breast cancer. [247] It appears that this danger is more common in black women, according to a study where 42% of black women (the United States) have serum levels less than 15 ng / mL (deficiency). [248]
It was associated with risk of breast cancer inversely with vitamin D levels in the blood, suggesting a link between the two.
Is measured in a large intervention in postmenopausal women (n = 36 282), where he was Lviv smaller serum parameters of vitamin D (n = 1092) after taking 400 IU of vitamin D daily calcium 1000mcg for 7 years failed to find and reduce the risk of injury breast cancer or significantly associated with supplements. According to [249] this study 28% increase in vitamin D in 16.9ng blood / mL 21.6 ng / ml for, [249] increase less than expected, according to a meta-analysis on the unit, with 10 micrograms of vitamin D3 (400 IU) You should increase serum levels 25.5ng / ml. [63] The other study indicated that 400 IU of vitamin D was sufficient to increase the serum levels of vitamin D3 to adapt, [250] which shows this large study has been used subactive doses (in addition to compliance issues, if mentioned meta-analysis minute in assumptions).
It seems 400-800IU additional daily consumption is not sufficient to risk of breast cancer.
Women can be supplemented with 2000IU / d of vitamin D see up to 50% of breast cancer cases, [243] and was another study that looked as 1000IU daily somewhat effective in improving the situation of vitamin D administration was more effective Weekly 50,000IU . [247]
13.2. Colon Cancer
According to a systematic review of epidemiological (survey) research (n = 30), vitamin D appears to be inversely associated with risk of colon and rectal and colon cancer. [244]
To get results from colorectal cancer, who have serum levels of 82.5 nmol / L or more have a lower risk by 50% for the injury cancer than those who have a level of less than 30 nmol serum / L, and this was not observed risk reduction with 2000IU Vitamin D. [251]
13.3. Prostate
Vitamin D seems to be inversely associated with risk of prostate cancer, according to a systematic review of the research survey, looking at 26 studies. [244]
13.4. Pancreas
Low doses such as 600IU / day reduces the risk of pancreatic cancer [252]
13.5. Ovary
Vitamin D seems to be related inversely with risk of ovarian cancer, according to the seven epidemiological studies evaluated in this review. [244]
And the associated radiation UVB (which produces vitamin D) with a lower risk of ovarian cancer in women [253]
13.6. cancer patients
Vitamin D levels were inversely associated with BMI in patients who suffer from cancer. This could be an indication that the food needs of vitamin D may increase for the elderly. [254]
14. Lung Interactions
14.1. Public
In healthy adults, increase vitamin D in the blood appears to be associated with improved lung function as assessed by exhaling. [255]
14.2. Asthma
Linked low levels of vitamin D increase with the use of corticosteroids in children with asthma, [256] while 1200IU daily supplementation is associated with reduced asthma attacks in children previously diagnosed with asthma. [257]
14.3. Smoking
He pointed analysis retrospective survey between 1984 and 2003 in 626 adult men who did not have a lack of vitamin D data (higher serum levels of 20 ng / ml), and those who smoked had lower lung function smoking rates sufficient vitamin D, has been to find any relationship to not smoking in men. [258] of this study, the hypothesis of the existence of a protective effect on the damage caused by the smoke originated.
14.4. respiratory system diseases
The children who take 1200IU of vitamin D per day 40% less likely to contract flu during the winter in this study in Japan, [257] while Mongolia study said 300 IU per day for children similar benefits. [259]
The African women after menopause taking 800 international units a day for three years, three times less likely to get the flu than those who did not. Those who consumed 800 international units a day for the first two years and then 2000 IU per day for the following year was 26X less likely to get the flu. This means vitamin D supplements help prevent the flu. [260]
Enter through a monthly injection of vitamin D in healthy adults (200,000IU during the first two months, 100,000IU for 16 months) and found no significant reduction in the frequency of upper respiratory infections in the vitamin D group among these 322 adults. [261]
Linked low levels of vitamin D associated with an increased risk of active TB [262]
Search in correlative, vitamin D appears to be associated with quality of sleep. In 190 people with sleep apnea (OSA), it was found that patients with OSA have vitamin D levels less than the control group and the lowest levels in the OSA group tend to have more serious symptoms. [263]
15. sexual activity interactions
15.1. Semen parameters
Is the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR), regulatory enzymes in the male reproductive system. Specifically testes and epididymis and glandular epithelium, seminal vesicles and prostate. [264] [265] This refers to the direct action on the sexual organs and not indirectly through regulation of calcium, which also interacts with sexual activity. It is expressed [266] vitamin D receptor also in the sperm itself during the later stages of spermatogenesis. [265] [267] male mice that lack the RDT suffer from infertility [268] [90] and the parameters of sperm with disabilities. [269]
Mechanically, vitamin D appears to increase the calcium content in spermatids [270] and can work directly on the mature sperm cells. [82] and custody of the sperm cell with active vitamin D3 hormone increases the entry of calcium into the cell to the secondary VDR (to be canceled by the receptor inhibition), but not through the media and genomic Put through phospholipase C. [82]
Mechanically, vitamin D appears to work on the same sperm (sperm mature) and improve their mobility with enhanced cell survival.
Vitamin D seems positively correlated with sperm motility, with the assessment of 300 men suggests that people who suffer from low serum vitamin D movement was much sperm less [270], but that serum levels above 50 ng / ml is also linked it with liquid parameters intended to be less favorable, with the ideal 20-50ng / ml range. [271] vitamin D appears to be an independent predictor of semen parameters in men infertile and fertile, with power more statistical in infertility. [272]
25-50ng / ml (62.4-124.8nmol / L) appears to be sufficient range to keep the optimal characteristics of sperm in healthy men, with both the upper and lower ranges of serum are associated with infertility.
[273]
16. pregnancy and lactation
16.1. Shortage
Vitamin D levels seem to be higher in pregnant women age matched non-pregnant women [274] [275] with a shortage or affect the 97% of African Americans, and 81 percent of Latinos failure, and 67% Caucasians in one trial [276] The trial Others in the state of South Carolina (32N offer) indicating rates of 48% and 15% rates sufficiency incomplete. [277]
This has been linked to the shortage of low birth weight babies, and that seems to be of the greatest importance in the first quarter, [278] increase the risk of diabetes type 1 in the offspring, [279] and a high risk of developing asthma / rhinitus. [280]
As for the mother, it has been linked to vitamin D concentrations below 37.5nmol / L with a greater need for caesarean section instead of a vaginal birth (about 4 times more likely). [281] During the first quarter, lower vitamin D (less than 20nmol / L) appears to be associated with an increased risk for bacterial vaginosis (57% of women under 20nmol / l, 23% of older women 80nmol / L) women [282]
There seems to be less serum vitamin D in pregnant women with regard to non-pregnant women, in these low concentrations of vitamin D is associated with negative effects for the mother and child. Shortage seems to be most important during the first quarter, bringing the complement of vitamin D in response to notification of pregnancy (rather than a preventive daily) may not be sensitive periods of time wise and lost.
200,000IU been reported as a single dose or a daily dose of 800IU during pregnancy to be sufficient to achieve the desired serum vitamin D levels in pregnant women [283] with a dose dependent increase observed with daily use of 2000 -4,000IU (author concluded that The latter is the recommended dose). [284]
May be slightly higher amount of vitamin D needed to achieve sufficiency in pregnant women, with respect to non-pregnant women and men, it is being advised to eat with 4,000IU.
17. interaction with various pathological conditions
17.1. Lupus erythematosus
Study seven months continued in length using medicines levels of vitamin D (100,000 IU per week for a month, up to once a month, 000 100 IU for six months) indicated that 20 people with both lupus and a lack of vitamin D, that normalization of vitamin D in the blood serum 41.5 +/- 10.1ng / ml was associated with a greater number of naive T cells, regulatory and reduce memory B cells; perhaps useful for systemic lupus erythematosus. [285]
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17.2. Fibromyalgia
The study showed that there were no statistically significant relationship between muscle pain and vitamin D deficiency compared to the control group, but people used to control with osterarthritis. [286]
In a cohort of immigrants vitamin D complaints lack of pain in the muscles and bones non-specific, one-time weekly dose of 150,000 IU of vitamin D3 (19.7mmol / L in the foundation, 63.5 nmol / L in 6 weeks and said 40nmol / L for 12) further reductions in the symptoms of muscle pain after placebo (34.9%) and more people reported improved stairs walk abiliy (21.0%), which shows the best muscle function. [287]
Other studies have noted unspecified muscle and bone 50,000IU vitamin D2 pain in 50 people suffer from pain in the muscles and blood diffuse skeletal Belo 20nmol / L failed to significantly improve the amount Classifications self-reported muscle pain (evaluated by VAS) despite the placebo appeared to raise the levels of vitamin D in the blood serum (which is believed to be in the sun) light repeated [286] These same dose with vitamin D3 instead of D2, and pointed to the biggest improvement from placebo on the scope and classification of fibromyalgia; not observed any significant benefit in individuals from a severe shortage, however, it was the only sub-Firbomyalgia show improvement (with other lateral branches show no significant improvement). [288]
Vitamin D can help the symptoms of fibromyalgic (pain and lack of job), but there is a need to further study....
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