7. interaction with oxidation
In a study by dividing the athletes and people settled in the zinc supplement (5 mg / kg per day of zinc sulfate), both athletic and sedentary people given zinc saw a decrease in lipid peroxidation levels compared to placebo and an increase SOD levels of enzymes and glutathione. [138]
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8. interact with hormones
8.1. Testosterone
Zinc body stores and positively associated with the hormone testosterone in the blood [139] [140] and increase the associated negative urine excretion (and magnesium). [141]
And is associated with zinc deficiency also with deterioration in the conversion of cholesterol and fat precursor sex hormones despite the absorption cell testicular be affected [142] and other side effects associated with zinc deficiency receptor population include androgen to be generally low (59% of control) [143] In male genitalia (36% of control). [144] This may be related to how the androgen receptor is a zinc binding site, [145] and influenced its functions without adequate zinc.
A zinc deficiency can reduce the expression of the androgen receptor and testosterone synthesis in cells, which reduce the overall effects of testosterone
When considering the studies on mice that are not models of deficiency, it can be zinc supplements to increase testosterone and testosterone circulating free when injected at 3 mg / kg [146] and oral intake of 20 mg / kg of chloride and increased zinc testosterone higher than levels baseline in mice. [147]
Some research on animals suggest that high doses of zinc (or moderate doses of injection) may increase the concentrations of circulating testosterone
In the supplementary human studies of zinc zinc deficiency it is capable of increasing concentrations of circulating testosterone, with this study suggests that zinc sulfate 250 mg for six weeks is able to increase testosterone by 84% (1.55 nm / dL to 2.96nM / dl) in people undergoing dialysis. [148]
Infertile men who also have low testosterone levels (less than 4.8ng / ml) will see an increase in testosterone after zinc supplementation, but this was not observed in men with natural testosterone levels. [149]
In human zinc deficiency, and supplemental doses relatively modest cases seem to be able to increase circulating levels of testosterone
Not ZMA supplementation in people who have an adequate amount of dietary zinc (11.9-23.2mg) not a big circulating testosterone or free testosterone increase [1], and this failure to increase the basal hormone testosterone levels also seen with 15 mg zinc element of cyclists [150 ] and 3 mg / kg of zinc sulfate in the elite wrestlers. [151]
When testosterone measure sharply after exercise, and there is a slight increase in free testosterone are associated with zinc supplementation in 15 mg in men who are not something minus the [150] and low testosterone and free testosterone that can occur with exercise eased with zinc sulfate supplements in 3 mg / kg in the elite fighters [151] and sedentary men are subject to cycling. [152]
In men who are not deficient in zinc, there can be no maintenance (not necessarily increase) in the concentrations of zinc, when combined with exercise. If sports is not a factor, then you have a zinc shows no effect on testosterone
Zinc is believed to reduce the secondary DHT inhibition of 5α reductase (converts testosterone to DHT) in the range 3-15mM (inhibition to 98%), despite the fact that low concentrations of up to 500μM effective minimially (30%). [153] It is harmonious with Vitamin B6 in this regard despite the absence of any underlying retardant properties B6, which may explain the formulation of ZMA.
Injection of 10-20 mg of zinc was observed (gluconate and arginine weights included here) in rat prostate inhibitory effects on 5α reductase (20 mg 50.48%) [154], although one study in human prostate tissue in the laboratory indicated that the concentrations of low (300 Nm) increased the activity of this enzyme, while higher concentrations (3 mm) inhibitor and more capable. [155]
Subdivisions of 5α reductase type I looking alternative is used effectively in the skin cells with IC50 of 2 microns, while it is not effective in type II [156] and these tissues are still synergies with B6. [153]
Zinc seems to be an inhibitor of 5α reductase, in the laboratory appear to be very strong. It is uncertain whether the relevant supplements after oral This is, however, as low concentrations actually increases the activity of an enzyme (with higher concentrations to be strong in the inhibition of enzyme) and can not be this high concentrations occur in the body
Was among men with infertility, regardless of whether the circulation of testosterone above or below a predetermined threshold (4.8ng / ml) of zinc supplementation is capable of increasing concentrations of circulating DHT. [149]
Among men with infertility, it was observed an increase in DHT, indicating that less zinc concentration (which increases the activity of the enzyme 5α reductase) is more important
8.3. Estrogen
And it is associated with zinc deficiency in mice with increased expression of estrogen receptors (57%) [143]
8.4. Such as insulin growth factors
Be reduced IGF-1 and IGFBP3 in people who suffer from a lack of zinc in the diet, which is a normalization after supplementation.
An increase in IGF-1 supplements in the elderly has been observed given 30 mg of zinc daily for four weeks, which increased 22.4 +/- 4.7% observed with an extension of the whey protein increased to 48.2 +/- 14%.
Leptin is known to interact with zinc coniferous level [50] gland, may mediate their business. It is known [159] zinc deficiency to reduce the production and secretion of the hormone leptin from fat cells [160], and that have been detected in mice [161] and humans. [117]
Zinc deficiency is associated with low production and secretion of the hormone leptin
Secretion of the hormone leptin can be affected positively affected by insulin [162], despite the glut of zinc as not to affect the insulin [117] does not believe that the mechanism of action. It was found TNF-α and interleukin-2 (IL-2) both to increase when a person is deficient in zinc zinc If you restore These factors are known to induce the expression of leptin. [163] IL-2 itself depends on zinc, [164] It is believed that the effect couldl leptin also be indirectly through these molecules two.
Zinc interaction and leptin could be other proteins (TNF-α and interleukin-2) and intermediaries
In men who suffer from marginal zinc deficiency (limited to about 5 mg per day for 4 +/- 2 months), supplementation of 30-60 mg of zinc (as acetate) daily for 6-12 weeks is associated with a 64% increase compared to leptin incomplete state. [117]
Poor zinc supplementation is able to increase circulating concentrations of leptin
9. interactions organs of the body
9.1. Tongue and mouth
Reductions in the taste of the unit between the first and obvious signs of zinc deficiency, usually with loss of appetite (anorexia) and impaired cognition. [165] and this is probably due to enzyme depends on zinc, Gustn, reducing the activity of zinc at a low saliva [166] and zinc treated easily with this condition. [167]
Teenagers has been observed due zinc supplements during the ten-week period to increase the unit taste experience, according to assess the thresholds in recognition of improving salt. [168] these subjects (adolescents in India) and usually have a zinc deficiency rates across the 58.3 to 65% [169] [170] and thus observed effects can be a lack of normalization.
Zinc deficiency is associated with impaired taste, and zinc supplements can improve the taste of the unit when the normalization shortage
Loss of flavor associated with chemotherapy seems to be recovering supplementation with 220 mg of zinc sulfate (50 mg zinc element) twice daily. [171]
Taste losses do not show (the lack of the sense of taste) associated with chemotherapy because affected with zinc supplements by mouth, while the taste change (dysgeusia) mixed evidence (covered in Section cancer)
In children with low social and economic status are prone to zinc deficiency, and is associated with 15 mg of zinc per day for ten weeks with the formation of a panel on the lower teeth. [172]
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You can reduce tooth decay, if normalization of zinc deficiency. Limited evidence
9.2. Stomach
Zinc chloride and seems to be able to prevent the secretion caused by the secretion of acid in the tissues of mice and human stomach, [173], although the stomach treatment can limit its subsequent absorption. [174]
Trace metals show that changed in their concentrations in serum and liver cirrhosis with known decline in zinc [175] [176] and increased copper [176] [177] relative to healthy controls. Zinc deficiency seems to be positively associated with the progression of the disease. [178]
In people suffering from cirrhosis of the liver, and supplementary feeding of 50 mg of zinc (as sulfate) daily for 90 days was associated with improvements in the case of cirrhotic according to the child-pyo to evaluate the result (6.56 to 5.72; 13% improvement ) was associated with a lower body levels of copper. [179]
Therapeutic zinc supplements may be a little in cases of cirrhosis of the liver
9.4. Bowels
Very high levels of zinc intake (330 mg daily) has been implicated in reducing leaky gut syndrome in patients with Crohn's disease. [180] It may also prevent or mitigate damage to the mucous membrane in the intestine and liver some caused by alcohol [181] [182] [183], and because alcohol causes the depletion of zinc, and also can provide therapeutic benefit as is the case in the treatment of damage caused by alcohol in the stomach and liver. [184] [185] have been observed many of these effects and dose-dependent but it was seen on the body weight of 3-5 mg / kg (very high dose).
9.5. Hearing
Zinc deficiency is associated with a hearing in mice and rats, which is a normalization after consuming sufficient levels of dietary zinc. [186] [187] and this may be related to relatively high concentrations of zinc in some ear structures (the cochlea and vestibule) practiced protective effects of stessors [188], may be linked to its role as a nervous rate or as a component of the copper / zinc super-elements; [189], the latter of which is known to be protective of the hearing [190]
It has been hypothesized that zinc can be useful in the treatment of tinnitus, [191] [189], although some evidence suggests that while people suffering from tinnitus is the lack of the highest rates in the [192] [193] Other studies but they failed to find associations. The study showed [194] and at least one that supplements of 50 mg of zinc daily for two months, is able to reduce the severity of tinnitus in 82% of patients receiving the extension, without a significant reduction seen in placebo. [192]
The initial evidence now, has been an experience of only one, but supplements with high doses of zinc can be likely to have therapeutic role of tinnitus
In people who suffer from sudden sensorineural hearing loss of unknown etiology (sudden hearing loss for unknown reasons), and has been associated with adding Zinc (gluconate) for the treatment of oral cortisone further improvement in hearing cortisone alone. [195]
Zinc supplementation in addition to corticosteroids seems to speed up the restoration of hearing after idiopathic sudden hearing loss
9.6. Testicles
It is known zinc deficiency, causes testicular (cell death-controlled, [196] that tends to occur in many types of tissue with zinc deficiency [197] [198]) and protein oxidation increases testicular while dysregulating activity of enzymes 3β- and 17 β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase [199] and other proteins [200], which eventually led to the deterioration of structures testis (tubes of sperm cells and Leydig), [201] double the secretion of the hormone testosterone testicles, reduced fertility as morphology and characteristics of sperm (such as movement) gradually damage with increase Oxidation of the testicles and apoptosis. [202] [203] [204]
Zinc deficiency is associated with disruption of a strong and testicular function including low synthesis and secretion of the hormone testosterone, and the parameters of the weakness of fertility and sperm, and increased rates of cell death
Zinc supplemented orally to investigate the animal is able to reduce the oxidative damage to the testicles (and thus reduce fertility marks) caused by cigarette smoke (20 mg / kg of zinc chloride). [147]
Supplementary zinc can reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress factors testicles in rodents that do not lack in zinc which inhernetly
The infertile men, zinc increase the number of sperm for men who supplements may also have low testosterone levels in the blood only; this is associated with increased fertility, and not observed in males who suffer from infertility with appropriate concentrations of testosterone. [149]
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